The Inkblots

January 30, 2017
In this clear and well-illustrated study, writer and translator Searls shares the histories of Swiss psychoanalyst and psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach as well as his eponymous test’s evolution and reception. As Searles notes, Rorschach’s test was not totally original; one precedent was the work of Justinus Kerner, a 19th-century German Romantic poet and doctor. Rorschach’s genius lay in attending to patient-sensitive specifics, including those of psychotics, and in developing an interpretative code that revolved around how the patient saw movement, color, and form in the inkblots. After Rorschach’s 1922 death at age 37, his test saw widespread use in America during the psychoanalytically oriented 1940s and ’50s; it was given to every student entering Sarah Lawrence College starting in 1940 and the army used a multiple-choice version after Pearl Harbor. However, it had fallen in popularity by the 1970s, eclipsed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and other personality tests. Despite its occasional abuse, the Rorschach regained some of its popularity around the turn of the millennium. Searls dutifully shows how the test added a whole new visual dimension to the emerging field of psychology in general, and the study and analysis of personality in particular. Illus. Agent: Edward Orloff, McCormick Literary.

November 15, 2016
A history of 20th-century psychology focused on the life, work, and legacy of the inventor of the inkblot test.Translator, essayist, and fiction writer Searls (What We Were Doing and Where We Were Going, 2009, etc.) became fascinated by the "rich and strange" set of inkblots that, he discovered, are still used for psychological assessment. His investigation into the life of their creator, Swiss physician Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922), led to a trove of material collected by a biographer who died before he could write his book; along with other material, that archive informs Searls' richly detailed, sensitive biography of Rorschach's short life and long afterlife. A student of Eugen Bleuler and Carl Jung, Rorschach was trained at a time when "an orgy of testing" dominated psychology. The son of an artist, with artistic talent himself, Rorschach was alert to modernist art movements, which shaped his ideas about the power of visual images to reveal personality and the power of culture to shape perception. He worked assiduously to craft precisely the symmetrical, mysterious, suggestive images that comprise his test, and he devised "a single psychological system" of evaluation that considered the viewer's response to Movement, Color, and Form. Although he admitted that "it is always daring to draw conclusions about the way a person experiences life from the results of an experiment," when he compared his evaluations of patients against other doctors' diagnoses, he was encouraged about his accuracy. As Searls admits, Rorschach never convincingly explained how and why the inkblots worked. Unfortunately, his system, and the permutations that followed as generations of psychologists attempted to standardize it, proves difficult to follow in the author's otherwise engrossing narrative. Searls is stronger when characterizing the "feuds and backbiting" that the test inspired among practitioners in America, where it "was a lightning rod from the start," and Europe, where, for example, it was applied to assess Nazis on trial at Nuremberg.Searls shows persuasively how the creation and reinvention of inkblots has reflected psychologists' scientific and cultural perspectives.

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February 15, 2017
Searls portrays Hermann Rorschach (18841922) as a man of great accomplishment and greatly unfulfilled potential due to his untimely death, at 37. He made a considerable contribution to the then-burgeoning field of psychoanalysis with his soon-to-be ubiquitous inkblots: 10 symmetrical amorphous shapes utilized as a tool to delve into a person's subconscious mind. Used for everything from party games to attempting to establish whether there is such a thing as a Nazi mind, the Rorschach test has endured for nearly a century, even as it drifts in and out of favor within the psychoanalytic community due to an ongoing debate over how the patient's responses should be interpreted. Very little has previously been known about Rorschach's private life; Searls now fills in many blanks, drawing a more rounded portrait of the Swiss psychiatrist. From his parents' money and health problems to his school nickname, Klex, from klexen, meaning to dabble in painting, to his decision to follow science rather than art, through to his marriage, illness, and death, Rorschach's genius is apparent, and his famous inkblots ever fascinating.(Reprinted with permission of Booklist, copyright 2017, American Library Association.)

September 15, 2016

A biographer with fellowships from the Leon Levy Center of Biography at CUNY and the Cullman Center at NYPL, Searls tells the story of Hermann Rorschach and the famous inkblot test he developed in 1917 at a Swiss asylum.

Copyright 2016 Library Journal, LLC Used with permission.

Starred review from February 15, 2017

Writer and translator Searls's book describes and analyzes a major tool in psychology, "probably the ten most interpreted and analyzed paintings of the twentieth century." Now out of copyright (they were created in 1917), these images are widely available, but the parlor game is not the test, and vice versa. Medical insurance covers testing and, besides its clinical importance, the Rorschach (as it is known) is widely used by employers. Not a pass-or-fail examination, the Rorschach aims to measure imagination and personality. Its creator, Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922) at 12 lost his mother to diabetes; soon his father married one of his wife's half-sisters, then died in 1903 when Hermann was 18, with three younger siblings. Reader-friendly, this book has 24 chapters, including "The Queen of Tests" and "Iconic as a Stethoscope." A key player involved is John Exner (1928-2006), credited with resurrecting this "most powerful psychometric instrument." VERDICT An important book that reminds us of the benefits and costs of generalizing about the most complicated matter on Earth: the human mind. [See Prepub Alert, 8/22/16.]--E. James Lieberman, George Washington Univ. Sch. of Medicine, Washington, DC

Copyright 2017 Library Journal, LLC Used with permission.

February 15, 2017

Writer and translator Searls's book describes and analyzes a major tool in psychology, "probably the ten most interpreted and analyzed paintings of the twentieth century." Now out of copyright (they were created in 1917), these images are widely available, but the parlor game is not the test, and vice versa. Medical insurance covers testing and, besides its clinical importance, the Rorschach (as it is known) is widely used by employers. Not a pass-or-fail examination, the Rorschach aims to measure imagination and personality. Its creator, Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922) at 12 lost his mother to diabetes; soon his father married one of his wife's half-sisters, then died in 1903 when Hermann was 18, with three younger siblings. Reader-friendly, this book has 24 chapters, including "The Queen of Tests" and "Iconic as a Stethoscope." A key player involved is John Exner (1928-2006), credited with resurrecting this "most powerful psychometric instrument." VERDICT An important book that reminds us of the benefits and costs of generalizing about the most complicated matter on Earth: the human mind. [See Prepub Alert, 8/22/16.]--E. James Lieberman, George Washington Univ. Sch. of Medicine, Washington, DC

Copyright 2017 Library Journal, LLC Used with permission.