Galileo's Error

June 15, 2019
A philosophical inquiry into the nature of consciousness, that most elusive of constructs. "Nothing is more certain than consciousness," writes Goff (Philosophy Durham Univ.; Consciousness and Fundamental Reality, 2017), "and yet nothing is harder to incorporate into our scientific picture of the world." Since the time of the Renaissance, science has worked on the premise that the thing doing the observing cannot observe itself reliably and that even the thought that "I exist as a conscious being" lies outside the realm of science. The author aims to restore the problem of consciousness as an object of scientific inquiry, not easy in a time when, as he notes, many philosophers consider consciousness to be a kind of elaborate illusion. Think of The Matrix, in which we're all part of a machine that feeds on our psychic energy; however, we can come down on Galileo for having reduced the complexity of being to four attributes: size, shape, location, and movement. By removing the sensory--"Galileo did not believe that you could convey in mathematical language the yellow color or the sour taste of the lemon"--from consideration, science is indeed able to reduce being to physical and mathematical formulas. But that's only part of the story. Goff introduces numerous theories to promote the scientific study of consciousness, such as integrated information theory, with "integrated information" being another way of saying consciousness. He considers other problems, such as that of free will, in light of consciousness, and he looks at ways in which subjective experience might be introduced into "the purely quantitative vocabulary" of modern neuroscience and physics, the latter of which, he adds, "tells us nothing about the intrinsic nature of matter." It is therefore paradoxical that we understand consciousness to be reality while not quite being able to explain why, a challenge for a future science that might free itself from dualistic constraints. An earnest effort to describe the indescribable, of interest to students of philosophy, neuroscience, and psychology.

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