Animal Spirit Doctrine and the Origins of Neurophysiology

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How do we become aware of things and events in the outside world, and how does the brain control the muscular system and behavior? This book examines the history of Western attempts to explain how messages might be sent from the sense organs to the brain and from the brain to the muscles. It
focuses on a construct called animal spirit, which would permeate philosophy and guide physiology and medicine for over two millennia.

The authors' story opens along the Eastern Mediterranean, where they examine how Pre-Socratic philosophers related the soul to air-wind or pneuma. They then trace what Hippocrates, Plato and Aristotle wrote about this pneuma, and how Stoic and Epicurean philosophers approached it. They also visit
Alexandria, where Hellenistic anatomists provided new thoughts about the nerves and the ventricles. Thereafter, the authors return to the Greek mainland, where they show how Galen's pneuma psychikon or spiritus animae would provide an explanation for sensations and movements.

Galen's writings would guide science and medicine for well over a thousand years, albeit with some modifications. One change, found in early Christian writers Nemesius and Augustine, involved assigning perception, cognition, and memory to different spirit-filled ventricles. After examining how
pious Scholastics later dealt with the nerve spirit, the authors turn to how questions began to be raised about it in the 1500s and 1600s. Here they examine the rise of modern science with its revealing experiments, microscopic observations, and attempts to break with the past. Descartes,
Swammerdam, Borelli, Glisson, Willis, Newton, Hartley, Boerhaave and Haller are among the featured players in this part of the story.

Nevertheless, the animal spirit doctrine continued to survive (although modified), because no adequate replacement for it was immediately forthcoming. The replacement theory stemmed from experiments on electric fishes started in the 1750s. Additional research on these fishes and then on frogs
eventually led scientists to abandon their time-honored ideas. The authors trace some of the developments leading to modern electrophysiology and end with an epilogue centered on what this history teaches us about paradigmatic changes in the life sciences.

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مغایرت عنوان کتاب با توضیحات و تصویر جلد
عدم رعایت حقوق نشر طبق قوانین جمهوری اسلامی ایران
محتوای مستهجن
توهین به قومیتها و محتوای نژادپرستی
توهین به اقیلیتهای مذهبی
اهانت به مقامات سیاسی و مذهبی
اشاعه ی کودک آزاری
سایر موارد

بستن

فرمت کتاب

ebook

زبان

english

تاریخ انتشار

2012

نویسنده

Stanley Finger

نویسنده

Stanley Finger

ناشر

Oxford University Press, USA

ناشر

Oxford University Press, USA

شابک

9780199766499

20,000 تومان

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خرید کتاب Animal Spirit Doctrine and the Origins of Neurophysiology

Animal Spirit Doctrine and the Origins of Neurophysiology

گزارش تخلف

فرمت کتاب

ebook

زبان

english

تاریخ انتشار

2012

نویسنده

نویسنده

ناشر

ناشر

شابک

دیدگاه کاربران